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I
SEMESTER
PART
I DIVIERSITY OF NON-VASCULAR
PLANTS
PART
I
(Introduction
to Microbiology, Viruses, Immunology,
Bacteria, Cynobacteria and Phycology )
UNIT
1: Aim and scope of Microbiology, a
general account of microbes from soil, air
and water : Virus-History and discovery of
viruses, contribution of Adolf Mayer,
Iwanowsky, Beijerink, W.M. Stanley, Twort,
Zinder and Lederberg and Andre Lwaff in
virology. Status of viruses in biology
(Living & non-living characteristics)
HIV-ultrastructure, infection and
multiplication; common plant diseases; eg.
Mosaic of Tobacco, Yellow mosaic of Beans
and papaya leaf curl; a brief account of
viroids, prions, interferons and their
importance; Mycoplasma-general account and
study of sandal spike disease.
Immunotechniques in agriculture, medicine
and industry; ELISA method to detect
viruses and plant diseases; monoclonal
antibodies.
UNIT 2 Bacteria A general account
of occurrence in air, water and soil,
Contribution of Leeuwenhock, Louis
Pasteur, Fred Griffith, Mc Carty, Mc leod,
Lederberg and Tatum, Chemistry and
structure of Gram +ve and Gram ve
bacterial cell walls, ultra structure of
endospore; a brief account of plasmids,
transposons and drug resistance; bacterial
physiology-phototrophs and chemotrophs;
reproduction-binary fission, genetic
recombination; importance of bacteria in
agriculture (as natural scavenger and
biofertilizer), medicine (Source of
antibiotics) and industry (curing of tea,
tobacco and leather, manufacture of
organic acids). Study of any 2 common
plant diseases ( Citrus canker and Leaf
spot disease)
UNIT
3 Cyanobacteria - A general account of
occurrence, thallus structure,
ultrastructure of the cell,
photosynthesis, reproduction, economic
importance as biofertilizers and food (Spirulina
SCP), role in causing water pollution
(Waterblooms and their effect); Type study
Scytonema, Anabena and Spirulina
UNIT
4 Phycology a general account of
algae; thallus structure, pigmentation and
classification of algae; economic
importance of algae as food,
biofertilizers and medicines.
UNIT
5 Study of distribution, thallus
structure, reproduction and life cycle of
Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Oedogonium, Chara,
Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia (Note
developmental aspects not required)
SEMESTER
I Practical I
Mounting
techniques
Culture
of microbes from soil and water (Only
demonstration)
Study
of viral diseases included in the theory
Study
of Rhizobium from root nodules
Gram
staining of Bacteria
Yeast
cells/fungal spores population calculation
using Haemocytometer
Study
of any two locally available plant
diseases caused by Bacteria
Study
of Scytonema, Anabena and Spirulilna
Identification
and Classification of algal members
included in the theory.
II
SEMESTER
PART
II DIVERSITY OF NON-VASCULAR
PLANTS
PART
2
(MYCOLOGY,
LICHENS, MYCORRHIZA, PLANT PATHOLOGY,
BRYOPHYTES AND PLANT ANATOMY)
UNIT
1 : Mycology A general account of
fungi and classification; occurance,
structure, reproduction and life cycle of
Albugo, Peziza, Puccinia and Cercospora.
UNIT
2 : Economic importance of Fungi- Role
of Fungi in medicines, agriculture and
industry. Lichens General account,
structure and reproduction, economic
importance of lichens; Mycorrhiza a
general account.UNIT 3: Plant
Pathology A general account of
symptoms, causal organism and management
of Koleroga, smut, Blast disease of Rice,
Red rot of sugarcane and Coffee rust.
UNIT
4: Bryophytes A general account
and classification; distribution,
structure, reprodution and alternation of
generations of Marchantia, Anthoceros and
Funaria.
UNIT
5: Plant Anatomy Meristematic
tissues-structure, function and
classification; Tunica-corpus theory,
Histogen theory and Pro-meristem concept;
Permanent tissues A general account of
simple, complex and secretory tissues;
Secondary growth-origin and activity of
vascular cambium and cork cambium in dicot
stem (eg: Hibiscus); wood anatomy-a brief
account; Anomaious secondary growth
Boerhaavia and Dracaena.
Semester
II - Practical II
Identification
and Classification of fungal members
included in the theory
Study
of Lichens
Study
of Mycorrhiza
Study
of Plant diseases included in the theory
Study
of forms of Bryophytes included in the
theory
Free
hand sections of Tridax stem, Grass/Maize
stem, Boerhaavia stem, Cicer, Dracaena
stem and Canna root.
III
SEMESTER
PAPER
III PTERIDOPHYTES, PALEOBOTANY,
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
UNIT
1: Pteridophytes A general
account, classification, distribution,
structure and reproduction of Psilotum,
Lycopodium, Selaginella, Osmunda and
Marsilea (Developmental stages not
required)
UNIT
2: A brief account of stellar
evolution, heterospory and seed habit.
Paleobotany Process of fossilization,
types of fossils, geological time scale,
methods of studying fossils; Contribution
of eminent Indian Paleobotanist Birbal
Sahani, a brief account of Rhynia,
Calamites (Stem), Cycadeoidea and
Cordaites
UNIT
3: Environmental Biology
Introduction and scope of Environment
Biology Environmental factors (climatic,
edapahic, biotic) Ecosystem concept,
components, study of marine, grassland and
cropland ecosystems.
Ecosystem
management-soil reclamation, watershed
management & remote sensing.
UNIT
4: Ecological Succession Hydrosere,
Xerosere
Ecological
adaptations Hydrophytes, Xerophytes,
Halophytes,
Epiphytes and Parasites.
Pollution
Air, water and Soil pollution and
controlling measures, Acid Rain, Green
House effect, Ozone depletion and Nuclear
winter. Conservation of natural resources-
Over exploitation of natural resources,
methods of soil conservation, social
forestry.
UNIT
5: Conservation of plant
diversity-Role of seed bank, gene bank and
pollen bank. Parasitic Angiosperms and
their management; Man and biosphere.
Phytogeography-
phytogeographical regions of India,
vegetational types of Karnataka State.
SEMESTER
III - PRACTICAL III
Identification
and classification of pteridophytes
examples studied in the theory.
Paleobotany
Study of specimens and slides
Study
of on example for each adaptation(
specimens and slides)
Marking
of Vegetational types of Karnataka map
Submission
of 5 permanent free hand sections (Both
pteridophytes and ecological adaptations).
IV
SEMESTER
PAPER
IV GYMNOSPERMS AND EMBRYOLOGY OF
ANGIOSPERMS
UNIT
1: Gymnosperms General account and
classification, distribution, structure
and reproduction of Pinus and Gnetum
(Developmental stages no required)
UNIT
2: Embryology of Angiosperms. Another
structure, development and anthesis Male
gametophyte; Microsporogenesis,
development of male gametophyte, role of
tapetum during pollen development, concept
of male germ unit (MGU), aberrant
development of male gametophyte (pollen
embryo sacs and androphytes), pollen
morphology (a brief account of apertures,
shapes, size and pollen wall architecture
or palynology).
Ovule:
types (orthotropous, anatropous,
campylotropous, amphitrophous and
circinotropous)
UNIT
3: Female gametophyte:
Megasporagenesis, study of types of embryo
sac (Monosporic, Bisporic &
tetrasporic with one example of each type.
Fertilization : Concept of female germ
unit, pollen-pistil interaction, entry of
pollen tube into the stigma, style and
into female gametophyte, post
fertilization changes, double
fertilization, preferential fertilization
and polyspermy.
UNIT
4: Endosperms: Types (Nuclear,
Cellular, Helobial), endosperm haustoria (Grevillea,
Cucumis), ruminate endosperm (a brief
account).
Embryo:
Classification (Schnarls system),
development of dicot embryo in capsella
bursa pastoris (Crucifier type) and
monocot embryo (Grass).
UNIT
5: Apomixis and polyembryony a
brief account, parthenocarpy and control
of fertilization.
Embryology
in relation to taxonomy ex. Trapa,
Exocarpus & Paeonia Experimental
Embryology: Concept of Totipotency, Basic
culture methods. Nutrient Media (MS and
Whites), Tissue and organ culture
(Ovary, Seed, Anther, Embryo, Endosperm,
Nucellus, Cell and Protoplast culture).
Practical application of plant tissue
culture. Somatic hybridization,
Parthenocarpy and control of
fertilization.
SEMESTER
IV PRACTICAL VI
Study
f gymnosperm materials included in the
theory.
Study
of microsporogenesis and male gametophyte
Pollen
embryology Grass, Acacia, Mimosa,
Pollinia of Calotropis
Germination
of pollen grain Eg. Vinca by Hanging
drop method
Types
of Ovules
Types
of Placentations
Development
of female gametophyte
Mounting
of endosperm of Cucumis / Grevillea
Mounting
of embryo of Tridax / Mustard.
V
SEMESTER
PAPER
V TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY
UNIT
1: Principles of Taxonomy A brief
account of classical and modern taxonomy,
systems of classification and species
concept: History of Taxonomy Broad
outlines of classification proposed by
Bentham and Hooker, Engler and Prantl
& Cronquist; Entnobotany A brief
account and its importance; Plant
Nomenclature Binomial system &
ICBM principles and aims a brief account
of recent trends in taxonomy
Chemotaxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, Numerical
taxonomy and computer application in
systematic.
UNIT
- 2: Field and Herbarium techniques,
Herbaria, Botanical gardens, Floras and
their importance, Botanical survey of
India and its function; Study of the
following families according to Engler
& Prantl. Hydrocharitaceae, Poaceae,
Musaceae, Orchidaceae, Amaranthaceae,
Magneliaceae, Annonaceae.
UNIT
3: Study of the following families
according to Engler & Prantl.
Brassieaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Teliaceae,
Apiaceae, Aslepiadaceae.
UNIT
4: Study of the following families
according to Engler & Prantl.
Scrophulariaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae,
Rubiaceae, Cucubitaceae and Asteraceae.
UNIT
5: Economic Botany (cultivation
methods need not be discussed).
Cereals
& Millets Wheat, Rice, Jower &
Ragi
Pulses
Pigeon pea, Black gram & Bengal
gram
Oil
& Fats Groundnut, Coconut,
Safflower
Fibres
Cotton, Jute and Cocoa
Spices
Cardamom, Clove & Cinnamomum
Sugar
& Starch Sugarcane, Beet root,
Potato and Tapioca.
Timber
Teak & Rose wood.
Paper
& Pulp Bamboo & Eucalyptus
Narcotic
Plants Sarpagandha, Catharanthus,
Azadarachta (Mention botanical names,
family, parts used & uses)
SEMESTER
V PRACTICAL V
Study
of taxonomic characters of families
included in theory (at least 2 genera
should be studied from each family).
Modification
of stem, root, leaf, inflorescence and
fruits.
Study
of economically important plants covered
in theory and to identify with botanical
names, families, part used and uses.
Submission
of 05 herbarium specimens (Locally
available weeds.)
Study
of local flora by arranging local
collection trips.
V
SEMESTER
PAPER
VI CYTOLOGY, GENETICS, EVOLUTION AND
PLANT BREEDING
UNIT
1: CYTOLOGY
Principles
and uses of Fluorescent microscope and
electron microscope: Chromosome structure
and number; Karyotype & idiogram,
nucleosome concept, chromosomal basis of
heredity, polyploidy, aneuploidy and
euploidy general account of their
significance, chromosomal aberrations.
UNIT
- 2: Mitosis Phases, mitotic
apparatus, cytokinesis, mitotic
inhibitors, significance of mitosis;
Meiosis-phases of meiotic cycle,
cytological proof of crossing over,
synaptonemal complex.
UNIT
3: GENETICS:
Introduction,
Mendelian laws in complete dominance,
interaction of genes supplementary,
complementary, epistasis, multiple factor
inheritance (Plant example), linkage &
crossing over.
UNIT
4: Extrachromosomal inheritance
Plasmid DNA, Cytoplasmic male sterility
and its role in hybrid seed production.
Genetic
problems in relation to topics in unit 3.
UNIT
5: EVOLUTION:
Origin
of life, theories of evolution, modern
concepts of evolution, role of mutations
in evolution.
PLANT
BREEDING
Historical
account and objectives of plant breeding.
Vegetative
propagation methods (underground plant and
isolated plant parts cutting,
grafting, layering, gootee, clones).
Hybridization
(intergeneric and interspecific),
maintenance of germpiasm, pollen banks,
quarantine methods.
SEMESTER
V PRACTICAL VI
Preparation
of cytoplogical stains(Acetocarmine and
Acetoorcein)
Allium
root tip to study mitosis
Allium
flower buds to study meiosis
Study
of permanent slides of mitosis and meiosis
Karyotope
of Allium cepa
Salivary
gland chromosome
Solving
genetic problems related to theory portion
Submission
Records & Permanent Slides (5
Slides).
VI
SEMESTER
PAPER
VII MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, GENETIC
ENGINEERING, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PLANT
PHYSIOLOGY I (PLANT WATER RELATIONS)
UNIT
1: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY:
Introduction,
identification of genetic materials,
Chemical nature and replication of
genetic, material, genetic code, non
genetic RNA, Biosynthesis of proteins,
regulation of gene action in prokaryotes
and eukaryotes.
UNIT
2: GENETIC ENGINEERING AND
BIOTECHNOLOGY:
A
concise account of methods used in
"Recombinant DNA" technology,
DNA (Gene) libraries, screening a genomic
DNA library, application of genetic
engineering technology in agriculture,
horticulture and floriculture. A brief
account on hazards and safe guards of
genetic engineering technology.
MICROBIAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY:
Uses
of microbes in industry and agriculture;
fermentation production of ethanol;
production of enzymes Amlylases;
production of antibiotics Penicillin;
production of single cell protein
Spirulina.
UNIT
3: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY I:
Water
relations of a plant cell importance
of water, diffusion, osmosis, water
potential, osmotic potential, pressure
potential, membrane and their
permeability.
Absorption
of water & ascent of sap-Mechanism of
water absorption, factor affecting rate of
water absorption.
UNIT
4: Mechanism of ascent of sap
vital and physical force theories.
Loss
of water Transpiration, kinds,
structure involved, stomatal dynamics,
stomatal mechanism, role of transpiration
in plants, factors affecting
transpiration, anti-transpirants,
guttation.
UNIT
5: Mineral Nutrition in plants
Major & Minor elements, their
deficiency symptoms, role of nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc,
boron and molybdenum in plant nutrition.
Ion antagonism Phloem transport
Transport of organic solutes (using
radioactive tracers autoradiagraphy), vein
loading and unloading. Transport mechanism
(Transcellular or streaming hypothesis;
contractile protein hypothesis, mass flow
hypothesis, electro osmosis) source sink
concept.
SEMESTER
- VI PRACTICAL VII
Qualitative
tests for starch, reducing sugar and
lipids.
Streaming
of protoplasm to show cyclosis.
Determination
of pH of plant samples by using
indicators.
Determination
of osmotic potential of cell sap by
plasmolytic method
Determination
of stomatal index by quick fix method.
Study
of structure of stomata in Hydrophytes,
Mesophytes and Xerophytes.
Study
of suction force due to transpiration.
Study
of deficiency symptoms (Chlorosis,
necrosis etc).
Hydroponics.
Study
of Phloem transport by ringing experiment.
Study
of mass flow hypothesis.
Visit
to local industries to study the
manufacture of ethanol / enzymes /
antibiotics / single cell protein.
VI
SEMESTER
PAPER
VIII PLANT PHYSIOLOGY II
UNIT
1: Nitrogen Cycle, Biological nitrogen
fixation, nitrate metabolism. Assimilation
of ammonia, synthesis of aminoacids.
Enzymes
Nomenclature, classification, chemical
composition, purification
(Electrophoresis), mechanism of enzyme
action, enzyme kinetic, regulation,
factors affecting enzyme activity,
coenzymes, prosthetic groups and vitamins.
UNIT
2: Photosynthesis Photosynthetic
apparatus, principles of light obsorption,
Emerson enhancement effect, photosystems I
and II, chromatography, mechanism of
transport of electrons from water to NADP;
photophosphorylation (Cycle and non
Cyclic), using tracer technique, C4
pathway, CAM pathway, factors affecting
the process: photorespiration
structure involved, mechanism and
importance.
UNIT
3: Respiration RQ, glycolysis, TCA
cycle, ETS and oxidative phosphorylation,
ATP synthesis, anaerobic respiration
(Alcoholic fermentation), pentose
phosphate pathway, significance, factors
affecting the process.
Photorespiration,
site, mechanism & significance.
UNIT
4: Plant Development Growth,
definition, kinetics, growth promoting
substances auxins, gibberllins,
cytokinins, ethylene and ABA, their role
and application in agriculture and
horticulture.
A
brief account of plant movements
(Autonomic and paratonic).
UNIT
5: A brief account of dormancy,
photoperiodism, phytochrome and its role,
the florigen concept, vernalization,
biological clocks and biorhythms.
Stress
physiology : Water stress, heat stress,
salt stress and its importance.
SEMESTER
VI - PRACTICAL VIII
Separation
of photosynthetic pigments by paper
chromatography and measurement of Rf
values.
Determination
of rate of photosynthesis at different
wavelength of light.
Determination
of rate of photosynthesis at various
concentrations of CO2
Determination
of RQ of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
Study
of Anaerobic respiration using germinating
seeds and mercury.
Determination
of Ascorbic acid content in the plant
material.
Effect
of phytohormones on plant growth.
Study
of hydrotropism, phototropism and
geotropism.
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