B.Sc. - Genetics Syllabus

I  B.Sc. GENETICS

I Semester  - I

Theory syllabus

  1. Scope of Genetics 

  2. Microscopy; Use of Microscopes in Cytology, Principles, Magnification, Resolving Power and Handling of Different  Microscopes Compound, Dark field Bright field phase Contrast, Fluorescent and Electron Microscopes.

  3. Model organisms;Life cycles of ; Viruses- TMV; Bacteriophage- Lambdaphage; Bacteria E coil, Paramecium, Yeast, Coenorhabites; Neurospora; Drosophila, Mosquitoes , Rat, Maize , Pea plant and Arabidopsis.

  4. Ultra structure of cell and Cell Organelles; Cell Theory; Prokaryotic cell and  Eukaryotic cell 
    Cell wall;  Ultra structure, Chemical composition  and function; Extra cellular matrix; Cytoskeletal structure- Actins and Microtubules.

    Plasma membrane; Chemical composition , Utrastructure- Fluid mosaic Model, and Functions- Osmosis, Phagocytosis, Active Transport, Microvilli and Desmosomes.

    Ultrastructure,  Chemical composition, Functions of Cytoplasmic  organelles; Endoplasmic reticulum, Ribosomes, Centrosomes, Lysosomes, Golgi Complex, and Peroxisomes,

    Mitochondria; Ultra structure , Chemical composition, Enzymes and Co-enzymes, and Functions- Kreb's cycle, Electron - transport system And Oxidative Phosphorylation, Plastids; Types, Ultra structure of Chloroplast and role in photosynthesis.

    Nucleus; Morphology, Nuclear - envelope; Nucleous; Nucleoplasm, Chromatin.

  5. Cell cycle & Cell division; Cell cycle; Mitosis; Essentials of mitosis, plan and variants, Mitotic apparatus, Its structure and chemistry; Cytokinesis, Physiology of dividing cell Mitotic cycle, Mitotic rhythms, blockage and stimulation of cell division Significance of Mitosis. Meiosis; Stages, Synaptonemal complex, Crossing over, Chiasma  Formation, Molecular mechanism of Crossing over, Variation in meiotic Phenomena  & Significance of Meiosis; Cell senescence & Cell death (Apoptosis): Death of specified cells, programmed Cell death, Mechanism of cell Death & its significance.

I  B.Sc.GENETICS

  Semester I  Practical I

  1. Microscopy:
      (i)    Handling of dissection, sterio and compound microscopes.
      (ii)   Demonstration of phase contrast, Bright field, Dark Field, Fluorescence and Electron microscopes

  2. Model Organisms and their significance in Genetic studies:
    Virus- TMV(Tobacco leaves).
    Bacteria - E coli (slides).
    Neurospora and Yeast (slides)
    Paramecium (Slides)
    Coenorhabites elegans.
    Drosophila melanogaster- Life Cycle
    Mosquito (Anopheles and Culex)-Life cycle
    Dissected reproductive system of Rat female  and male
    Maize, Pea, Arabidopsis- Life Cycle

  3. Staining Techniques:
    RNA & DNA - Methyl green and Pyronin,
    Mitochondria- Janus green
    Lactobacillus/E-coli- Gram Staining

  4. Observation of mitotic stages in permanent slides.

  5. Temporary squash preparation of onion root tip for mitosis.


I  B.Sc. GENETICS

  Semester  Scheme of Examination of Practical  I

  1. Preparation of temporary squash of the given material.

  2. Stain, mount and comment on the given materials. Any two of RNA/ DNA/ Mitochondria/E. coli

  3. Spotters: Identify and comment on any six spotters.
                             i) Microscope.    ..  1
                             ii) Mitotic stage..  .    1
                            iii) Model Organism  ..    4

I B.Sc. GENETICS

Theory syllabus

Semester II

Paper II : Mendelian Genetics & Biometry

  1. History of Genetics Definition and scope of Genetics. Premendelian genetic concepts-Preformation, Epigenesis, Pangenesis, Inheritance of acquired characters, Germplasm theory.  Hereditary and Environment; Genotype and Phenotype; Heredity and Variation.   Clones, Pure lines and Inbred lines.
    Norms of reaction and Phenocopies.

  2. Biography of Mendel and his experiments with pea plant.

  3. Law of Segregation:Monohybrid cross, back and test cross dominance and Recessive, Co-dominance, and Incomplete dominance.

  4. Law of Independent Assortment;Dihybrid crosses in pea and Drosophila, back and test cross. Genetic problems.

  5. Elements of Biometry:Probability, Binomial Methods, Testing of Goodness, Chi-square test And its application in segregation ratios detection of linkage & study of gene frequency.  Measurement of variation:  Analysis of polygenic Traits, normal curve, Mean Mode, Median, Standard  Deviation, Standard Error, test and F Testy.

  6. Multiple alleles:Definition, Color loci in Corn, Eye color in Drosophila, Blood group & RH factor in Human, and Genetic problems.

  7. Gene interactions: Inheritance of comb shape in fowls.  Epistasis- Dominant Epistasis (12:3:1), Recessive Epistasis (9:3:4), Supplementary genes- Cumulative effect (9:6:1), Duplicate Dominant genes (15:1), Duplicate Recessive genes (9:7), Dominant recessive interaction (13:3).

  8. Sex determination; Chrommosomal theory of sex determination - XX-XY-XX-XO, ZZ-ZW, Genic balance theory, theory of Bridges, Y Chromosome in sex Determination in Melandrium and Sphaerocarpus.  Enviroment and Sex Determination, Hormonal control of sex determination ( free martin). Gynandromorphs/ Intersexes in Drosophilla; Sex differentiation and Dosage compensation.

I B.Sc. GENETICS
Practical II
  1.    Floral structure of pea plant and Maize/  Arabidopsis.
  2.    Temporary squash preparations of Onion flower buds and Grasshopper tests
  3.    Study of various (mutants) in Drosophila
  4.    Computation of mean, mode, median, standard deviation and standard error
  5.    Genetic Problems: a)  Multiple alleles
                                 b) Gene Interactions
  6.    Application of Chi-square test, t test and F test.

I B.Sc. GENETICS

  Semester II Scheme of Examination of Practical II

  1.    Prepare temporary  squash of the given material.
  2.    Draw the diagram of the given floral material and comment.
  3.    Spotters;  Identify and comment on any three spotters.
         i)    Pea Plant Variation(Flower/ Seed) OR Coat Color in maize or Comb pattern  ..    1
         ii)   Drosophila Mutants ..    1
         iii)   Meiotic Stages            1
  4.    Genetic Problems : Any two
         i)    Biometry
         ii)   Multiple alleles and
         iii)  Gene Interaction.

II B.Sc. GENETICS

Theory syllabus

Semester III :

Paper III : Cytogenetics

  1.    Physical Basis of inheritance :
Chromosome theory of inheritance . Eukaryotic Chromosome -Macro-molecular Organisation. Chromosome types - primary and secondary constrictions. Sat-bodies , Telomeres. Heterochromatin and Ecuchromatin and its significane . Ultrastructure of Chromosome- Karyotype and Idiogram.

  2.    Special types of chromosomes:
Polytene chromosomes-Salivary gland chromosomes in Drosophila , Lampbrush Chromsomes  in amphibian Oocytes and B chromosomes.

  3.    Sex linkage:
Meiotic behavior of chromosomes and non-disjunction . Bridges theories of non-disjunction. Sex-linkage in Drosophila.Sex-linked genes in poultry and Moths. Sex related genes in maize. Attached  X-chromosomes.

  4.    Linkage:
Coupling and repulsion hypothesis . Linkage in maize and Drosophila , Linkage groups, complete linkage, incomplete linkage. Factors affecting linkage -distance, age, temperature , X-rays , etc.,Theories of linkage , differential multiplication theory and chromosome theory. Measurement of linkage from T2 Bacteriophage . Cis -Trans arrangement . Linkage maps in Maize and Drosophila.

  5.    Crossing Over:
Mechanism of crossing over. Cytological theories of crossing over. Germinal and somatic crossing over. Crossing over in Drosophila , absence of crossing over in male Drosophila. Frequency and percentage of crossing over. Tetrad analysis in Neurosopora. Interference and Coincidence. Construction of genetic maps (Drosophila and Maize).

  6.    Chromosomal aberrations:
Numerical: Euploidy (Monoploidy, Haploidy and polyploidy).
Polyploidy -autoploidy and allopolyploidy Structural : Deletions, Duplications , Translocationsand Inversions. Evolutionary significance of chromosomal aberrations.

  7.   Extra Chromosomal Inheritance/ Cytoplasmic Inheritance:Mitochondrial  D.N.A, Chloroplast D.N.A,kappa particles  in Paramecium,Sigm a factor in Drosophila . Mitochondrial diseases in Human. Cytoplasmic Male Sterlity (CMS)  in crop plants and its commercial exploitation.

  II B.Sc. Genetics

Semester III

PRACTICAL-III

  1.    Culturing and Handling of Drosophila
         i)    Media preparation
         ii)    Cleaning and sterilization of bottles,
         iii)    Handling of Drosophila
         iv)    Isolation of virgin flies.
  2.    Drosophila : a) Breeding Experiments:
         i)    Law of Segregation : Inheritance of vg/b/e/se
         ii)    Independent Assortment - se & vg / c/bw
         iii)    Sex linkage - w/y/ct/bb/rb/v
                b) Salivary gland Chromosomes:
         i)    Dissection of salivary glands
         ii)    Preparation of polytene Chromosomes.
  3.    Study of chromosomal aberrations:
         i)    Observation of permanent slides of chromosomal    abberation
         ii)    Inversion - Salivary gland chromosomes of Drsophila nasuta.
         iii)    Translocation - Flower buds of Rhoeo discolor.
         iv)    Induction of polypoidy in Onion root tips.
  4.    Genetic Problems on Linkage & Crossing Over:

  II B.Sc.  GENETICS

Semester III  Scheme of Examination of Practical III

  1.    Preparation of Salivarygland Chromosomes.
  2.    Preparation of anther squash of Rhoeo.
  3.    Identify and comment on the spotters (Three mutants)
  4.    Problems on linkage- construction of linkage map
  (Provide data of two print / three point crosses and
  also on sex linkage) Two problems.

II B.Sc. GENETICS

Theory Syllabus

Semester IV      Paper IV ; Molecular genetics

  1.    Introduction to molecular Genetics
  2.    Chemical basis if Heredity:
           i)    DNA as genetic material; Expt. Of Griffith, Avwery, Mc Cleod and Mc Carthy.
          ii)    RNA as genetic material; Expt. of Harshery & Chase.
  3.    Nucleic Acids:
          i)    DNA Structure, Types and replication in Prokaryotes and eukaryot
          ii)    RNA Types and Structu
  4.    Genetic code:
              Features of genetic code: Triplet code,  Wobbling  hypothesis,
              Universality, Degeneracy, Non- overlapping, Initiation and
              Termination.
  5.    Gene Action:
                Protein synthesis-  Transcription in Prokaryotes &  Eukaryotes.
                Universality, Degeneracy, Non- overlapping, Initiation and
                Termination.
  6.    Regulation of Gene Expression: Lac Operon :  Galactose  & Tryptophane.
  7.    Fine structure of Gene:
          i)    Classical concept of gene
          ii)      Lozenge in Drosophila,
          iii)      r11  in T4 phage;
          iv)    Cistron, Recon and Muton.
  8.    Genetics of Bacteria:Transform ation; Transduction- generalized, and specialized; Conjugation: F factor mediated, Hfr Mediated and Sexduction
  9.    Gene Mutations:
  Definition; Types of mutations; physical &  Chemical Mutagens;  Measurement of mutation rate in Bacteria,  Drosophila and Human. Types of gene mutations substitution, insertion, inversion and
  Deletion.  Reverse mutation in bacteria, insects and human. Site directed mutagenesis.

II GENETICS

Semester: IV

Practicals IV
  1.    Instrumentation:Centrifuge, Ultracentrifuge, Spectrophotometer,pH meter, Microtome, Chromatogrphy-paper , Electrphoretic Unit, Micropipette, Glass Homogenizer, Glass bead sterilizer, Incubator Shaker, Aspirator, Laminar Air flow and Autoclave.
  2.    Extraction of DNA:
          I)    Cauliflower.
          II)    Coconut Endosperm and
          III)    Bacteria
  3.    Paper Chromatography (protein):
          I)    Peas
          II)    Leaf pigment
          III)    Drosophila eye pigment and
          IV)    Egg protein
  4.    Gel Electropghorosis:
        I) Protein Profile
        II) DNA Profile.
  5.    Chemical Mutagens: (Demonstration in Plants)
         I)    EMS
         II)    MMS
  6.    Physical Mutagens( Demonstration on Drosophila)
         I)    UV rays
         II)    X-rays
  7.    Induction of mutations in Drosophila and detection of sex linked  lethal by Muller 5 stock.

II B.Sc Genetics

Semester IV

Scheme of Examination of Practical IV
  1.    DNA Extraction from the given Material
  2.    Paper Chromatography
  3.    Identity and comment on the spotters: (Any three)
            i)    Instrument
            ii)    Protein Profile
            iii)    DNA Profile
            iv)    Chemical Mutagens
            v)    Muller-5 Stock

  III B.Sc. Genetics

Theory syllabus

Semester V     Paper V: Genetic Engineering and cloning
  1.Introduction to Genetic Engineering  & cloning.
  2. Instrumentation: PCR and UV Transiluminator
  3    Recombinant DNA and Cloning:
  i)    Restriction  Enzymes in cloning: Restriction endonucleases- Types and characteristic features; Nomenclature. DNA fligase and co-factors.
  ii)    Techniques in Recombant DNA Technology: Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE), Southern, Northern, and Western Blotting: Dot blots and Slot blots.
  iii)    Clonning Vectors: Plasmids: p BR 322, Ti and cosmids. Viruses: CMV,TMV,Grmini , Simian (SV 40), Vaccina and Retroviruses.Bacteriophages:Lambda and MB.
  iv)    Isolation , Sequencing and synthesis of gene: Isolation : Isolation of gene of interest; fragmentation method to break DNA , shot gun methods , reverse transcriptase.
  Sequencing: Sequencing of genes- Maxam and Gilbert; Sanger's  Dideoxy method.
  Synthesis of gene: Organo-chemical synthesis of t RNA, precursor tRNAand interferon gene.
  4.    Gene transfer Methods:
  Vector mediated gene transfer including agrobacterium . Direct gene transrer : Liposomes; Electrophoration; and particle shot gun method.
  5.    Selection , Screening and Analysis of Recombinants: Identification and selection  of transformed cells- direct and indirect methods. Use of selectable and corable reporter genes. Expressions of cloned genes
  6.    Application of Recombinant DNA Technology:
  Transgenic crops- resistance to herbicides, insecticides , viruses and pathogenic ; nif gene transfer.
  Transgenic animals: Chicken , Cow , pig, Rabbit, Sheep etc with value added attributed.

III B.Sc. GENETICS

Semester V   Practical V

  1.    Instrumentation :
  Pcr, Microneedle, Electronic Balance, Magnetic Stirrer,
  UV Transiluminator.
  2.    Demonstration of :
  a)    Isolation of genomic DNA (Animal tissue).
  b)    Isolation of Plasmid DNA.
  c)    Restriction Enzyme digestion.
  d)    Ligation of DNA fragment.
  e)    Agarose Gel Electrophorosis of DNA
  f)    Quantification of DNA and RNA.
  g)    PCR amplification of DNA.
  h)    Transformation.

I I I B.Sc.GENETICS

Semester  V Scheme of Examination of Practicals V

  1.    Isolate and comment on the Genomic DNA of the given material
  2.    Explain the working principle of the given Instrument
  3.    Identify and comment on the given three spotters.
  a)Instrument, b) Protein Profile and c) DNA Profile

I I I B.Sc. GENETICS

Theory Syllabus

Semester V  Paper VI : Human Genetics

  1.    Introduction to Human Genetics
  2.    Human Chromosomes:
            i)    Normal human Karyotyping (Quantification on DNA of individual  Chromosomes); FACS - Fluorescence activated cell sorter.
            ii)    Chromosomal aberrations:
                Numerical: Aneuploidy, Polyploidy, ( Eg: Turner, Down &
                Klinefelter Syndromes).
                Structural:  Translocation, Duplication, Inversion, Ring
               Chromosome and Deletion (Ex:Cri-du-chat syndrome).
               Others: Mosaic; Chimera (Individual with two cell lines)
  3.    Mendelian Traits:
            Strait hair, Curly hair, Widow's peak, Dimpled Cheeks,
            Mid digital hair, Hitchhicker's -thumb, Claspilng of hands,
            And Hypertrichosis.
  4.    Genetic Diseases and Inheritance Pattern:
            i)    Autosomal inheritance- Dominant (Eg: Adult polycystic kidney
          Achondrooplasia & Neurofibrom atosis
            ii)    Autosomal inheritanc e- Recessive (Eg: Albinism, Sickle Cell Anemia, Phenyl Ketonuria)
            iii)    X-linked:  Recessive (Eg:  Duchenne muscular dystrophy-DMD)
            iv)    X-Linked: Dominant(Eg:Xg blood group)
            v)    Y-Linked inheritance (Holandric -Eg:Testes determining factor
            vi)    Multifactorial inheritance (Eg:Congenital malformations- Cleftlip & palate, Rheumatoid arthriris and Diabetes
  5.    Pedigree studies Symbols used in pedigree analysis.  Pedigree analysis of Important genetic diseases like Haemophilia, Color Blindness, Duchenne          Muscular Dystrophy (dmd),
  6.    Immunogenetics:  Genetics of normal immune system.  Inherited immuno Deficiency, Eg: X- linked agammaglobulinaemia.  Major Histocompatibility Complex- Study of Twins (MHC), HLA disease associations.Transplantation, graft-versus-host disease. Pharm acogenetics- definition, gene loci influencing drug Metabolism and pharmacogenetic interactions.
  7.    Dermatoglypgics:Introduction, classification, Flexion creases.  Dermatoglphics in Clinical disorders.  Clinical application & its advantages and  Limitations.
  8.    Prenatal Diagnosis:Definition; Various procedures used such as Amniocentesis, Chorionic villus sampling, Ultrasonography and FETOSCOPY.
  9.    Eugensis:Positive and Negative, Euthencis, and genetic Counseling.
  Stage 1 : History and Pedigree Construction; Stage 2: Examination;
  Stage 3:  Diagnosis; STAGE 4:  Counseling and Stage 5:  Follow up.
  10.    Genetics and Society:
            (i)    Human genome project;  
            (ii)  Forensis science; 
            (iii)DNA finger  printing 
           iv)  Human an health care ( Growth Hormone, Insulin, Interferon) and 
            (v) Gene therapy.

  I I I B.Sc, GENETICS

  Semester V    Practicals  VI

  1.    Study of Mendelian traits:
  Straight hair ( recessive,), Curly hair, Widow's Peak, Dimpled cheeks, Mid digital hair, Hitchhiker's  thumb, Clasping of hands and Hypertrichosis
  3.    Gene frequency :
  Estimation of  frequency of PTC taste sensitivity, attached/ free  Earlobe and Rolling tongue in a known population
  4.    Study of Karyotypes I:
  Normal Karyotyping in Humans-male (46,XY) And female  (46,xy),G banded metaphase plate.
  5.    Study of Karytypes I I : Abnormal Karyotypes- Down syndrome Turneer syndrome and  Klinefelter syndrome ( sex chromosomal).
  6.    Blood cell counting using Haemocytometer
  7.    Pedigree anolysis:
  Symbols used in autosomal recessive disorder, autosomal dominant
  Disorder, sex chromosomal ( X & Y linked ) disorders
                    8, Dermatoglyphics:
  8.    Visit to Genetic Clinics.

  I I I B.Sc. GENETICS

 Semester V          Scheme of Examination of Practicals VI

  1.    Buccal smear/ Blood smear for sex chromatin
  2.    Blood typing of any two samples
  3.    Pedigree:  Construction and analysis of Chart.
  4.    Karyotype:  Normal/Abnormal
  5.    Genetics problems on Multiple alleles/ Multiple factor
  6.    Commment on the Spotters L(two)
  a)    Mendelian Trait
  b)    Dermatoglyphic pattern

  I I I B.Sc. GENETICS

Theory Syllabus
Semester VI     Paper VII; Advanced Genetics

  1.    Developmental Genetics:
  2.    Evolutionary Genetics:
  3.    Population Genetics:
  4.    Biometrical Genetics
  a)    Quantitative Characters:
  b)    Quantitative inheritance:
  c)    Partitioning of polygenic variability:
  d)    PHENOTYPIC & Genotypic Coefficients of Variation (PCV&GCV).
  5.    Cancer Genetics:
  6.    Introduction to Genomics and Proteomics:

  I I IB.Sc. GENETICS

  SemesterVI  Practicals  VII

  1.    Project Work:
  2.    Use of Models:
  3.    Biometrical problems:

  III B.Sc. GENETICS

  Semester VI   Scheme of Examination of Practicals VII

  1.    Project work report.
  2.    Genetic Problems:
  a)    Quantitative Inheritance
  b)    Polygenic variability.
  c)    Heritability, Genetic Advance and Correlations.
  d)    Viva Voce
  

III B.Sc. GENETICS

Theory Syllabus
Semester VIN   Paper VIII:  APPLIED GENETICS

  1.    Recombinant DNA Technology  Application in Medicine & Industry:
  2.    DNA finger printing:
  3.    Genetic Resouces:
  4.    Centers of Diversity and Gene Bank:
  5.    Heterosis in Crop Pants:
  6.    Heterosis breeding in Animals:
  7.    Introduction to plant tissue culture:
  8.    Bioinformatics:
  9.    Genetics of Tropical diseases:

  III B.Sc. GENETICS

  Semester VI   PRACTICALS VIII

  1.    Culturing & Handling
  2.    Observation of Malarial & Filarial parasites:
  3.    Tissue Culturing:
  4.    Floral Biology
  5.    Identification of Hybrid plants:
  6.    Study Tour to Premier plant and/or Animal Breeding Centers.

III B.Sc. GENETICS

 Semester VI   Scheme of Examination of Practicals VIII

  1.    Submission of the three plant tissue cultures.
  2.    Dissect and draw the floral parts of the given material
  3.    Identify and comment on the Spotters
  4.    Educational Tour Report:  On the visit to Premier Centers.
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