Semester I

BT P101- Cell Biology & Genetics

1.Structure of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells- Ultra - structure of Animal and plant cells, cell differentiation in plant and animal cells, muscle and nerve cells, Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine cells.

2.Plasma membranes- structural organization, membrane protein, cytoskeletal proteins, cell wall - structure and orgainization. Types of cell functions - Transport of nutrients, ions and macromolecules across membranes - passive diffusion, osmosis, reverse osmosis and active transport, permease, Na and K - pump, Ca2++ ATPase pump, co-transport, symport, antiport endocytosis and exocytosys, conduction and transmission of nerve impulses, cell to cell interactions: junction between cells - desmosomes, plasmodesmata; synapse, cell to cell adhesion: (Invertebrates & Vertebrates) structure and functioning plasma, RBC, WBC, Platelets, types of WBC and their functions, Cytosolic, nuclear and membrane bound receptors.

3.Cellular Organelles - Organization and functions of endoplasmic reticule, Golgi complex, Lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, ribosome, paroxisomes and vacuoles.

4.Cell motility-cilia, flagella of eukaryotes and prokaryotes, tubulin and microtubules, myosin and actins, intermediate filament.

5.Cell Mechanisms: Cell cycle, gamete formation in animals, spore formation in plants, mitosis and meiosis - mitotic apparatus, centrioles, synaptonemal complex, Cytokinesis, cell senescence and death.

6.Chromosomes- structural organization, nucleosomes, solenoid, chromonema, cuchromation and heterochromzlip, Centro mere, kinetochore, telemetric organization.

7.Mutation: Types of Mutations, Molecular basis of mutation and its importance, mutagens - chemical and physical mutagens, site-directed and mutagenesis

8.Population Genetics: Genetic variation, Random mating, Genetic frequency and Hardy-Weinberg law, natural selection genetic drift, inbreeding, out breeding, genetic equilibrium.

9.Human Genetics: Human Chromosomes, Chromosomal abnormalities-sex chromosomal & autosomal, Inherited disorders, Genetic counseling, Genetic engineering & gene therapy.

BT P102-Biomolecules

1. Chemical foundation of Biology-pH, pK, acids, bases, buffers, chemical bonds

2. Amino acids and proteins. Classification, Chemical Reactions and Physical Properties, purification and criteria for homogeneity, structural organization of proteins- primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. Conformational analysis. Ramachandran map.

3Carbohydrates - Classification and reactions, types, structural features.

4. Heterocyclic compounds and secondary metabolites in living systems - nucleotides, pigments, isoprenoids, structure of Nucleic acids - DNA & RNA and their organization in living cells. Interactions of nucleic acids, polyaccharides and lipids, biological membranes.

5. Separation techniques for different biomolecules.

6. Lipids - Classification, Structure and functions.

7. Analytical techniques in biochemistry for inicromolecules and macromolecules for quantification.

BT P103-General Microbiology

1. Characteristics, classification and importance of microorganisms, codes of bacterial nomenclature and taxonomy, type cultures for classifications., Numerical taxonomy, Chemo taxonomy, Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology

2. Viruses structure and their genetic system

i) Plant Viruses: TMV, Potato Virus, X and Y, SBYV.CaMV, CMV, TYMV, WT Virus, Plant rhabdovirus.

ii) Animal Viruses: Vaccinia, Adeno, FMDV, HIV, Hepatitis B, Influenza, Poliomyelitis.

3. Viroids and Prions

4. Prokaryotic Organisms- Structure and reproduction: Important groups of prokaryotes, Eubacteria (E.Coli). Rickettsiace, Actinomyceles, Mycoplasmas, L-forms of bacteria, spirochetes and Cyanobacteria; Acetic acid bacteria, budding and appendaged Bacteria, spirilla, gliding and sheathed bacteria, pseudomonads, lactic and propionic acid bacteria, endospore forming rods and cocci, Fission and Conjugation

5. Domain Archaea

6. Eukayotic microorganisms: Structure and reproduction, protozoa and Yeast and filamentousfungi.

7. Microbial metabolism - EMP pathway, Krebs cycle, Fermentation of carbohydrates, gluconcogenesis.

8. Microbial Growth and nutrition: Definition of growth, mathematical expression of growth, measurement of growth and growth yields: synchronous growth, continuous culture.

9. Microbial Ecology: Effect of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, water availability and oxygen on growth, Rhizosphere and phylloplane micro flora; mycorrhiza; air microflorawater micro flora.

10. Methods in microbiology: pure culture techniques: Theory and practice of sterilization, composition of culture media, enrichment culture techniques for isolation of chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs and photosynthetic microorganisms, Sampling of microorganisms from soil, water and air.

BT P104-Biophysics & Biostatistics

Section A- Biophysics

1. Chemical and physical forces involved in chemical bond formation between atoms and molecules; mechanisms of bond formation based on electronic orbital; sigma, pibond, covalent, ionic, electrostatic, co-ordinate bonds; hydrophobic and Vanderwaals interaction and their properties, chemical bonds between carbon and carbon, carbon and nitrogen and carbon with other atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and sulphur.

2. Physical methods of determining the sizes and shapes of molecules; Hydrodynamic properties, surface tension, diffusion, osmotic pressure, sedimentation.

3. Isotopes and Radioactivity: Radioactivity, decay laws, production of radio-isotopes, isotopic tracer method, assay using radioactive active substrates, biological life time, Metabolic and physiological tracer studies, dose response relationship, non-radioactive labels, labeling and detection methods using fluorescent molecules like diagnosing biotin, rhodomin and other chromogenic compounds.

4. Instrumental methods of analysis: Ultra-centrifugation, Viscometry, Flame photometer, AAS, Mass spectrometry, Light scattering, UV-Visible-IR Spectrophotometry, Chromatography, Electrophorsis, X-Ray crystallography, NMR and ESR.

Section B- Biostatistics

1. Scope of statistical methods in scientific studies: Frequency distribution-preparation of frequency table: relative and cumulative frequencies: diagrammatic representation of frequency distribution; histograms, frequency polygons, frequency curve and ogives.

2. Measures of central tendency: Arithmetic mean, mode median and percentiles. Measures of variability: Range, mean deviation, and variance. Standard deviation and Co-efficient of variation. Skewness and Kurtosis.

3. Probability: Definitions; events; Sample space; addition and multiplication rules of probability; conditional probability (Simple problems)

4. Probability Distributions: Discrete, Continuous, binomial, poisson and normal distribution.

5. Population and sample: Random sample, Use of table of random numbers, parameter and statistics, sampling distribution of sample means, Standard error; confidence intervals.

6. Hypothesis testing: Basic concepts and definitions, tests based on normal, student T, chi square and F distribution (no proofs)

7. Design of experiments: Basic principles of scientific experimentation: randomization, replication and local control, completely randomized and randomized block design.

Practicals

BT P105-Cell Biology & Genetics

1. Vital staining of Mitochondria.
2. Localization of Barr bodies
3. Blood smear - different staining
4. Mitosis - Onion root tip.
5. Meiosis - Grasshopper testis, flower buds
6. Cell fractionation-chloroplast and mitochondrial isolation.
7. Isolation of chloroplast/ Protoplast using enzymes.
8. Cryopreservation of cells
9. Normal and abnormal human karyotypes.
11. Polytene chromosomes-salivary gland of Drosophila

BT P106-Microbiology

1. Staining techniques

a) Simple Staining 
b) Differential Staining-gram staining 
c) Endospore staining 
d) Capsule staining

2. Bacterial Motility

3. Biochemical Tests:

a) Indole Test
b) Methyle red test
c) Voges Proskaeur test
d) Citrate utilization
e) Triple sugar vion agar test
f) Strach hydrolysis rest
g) Gelatin hydrolysis test
h) Catalase test
i) Oxidase test

5. Soil Microbiology

a. Isolation of rhizosphere microflora
b. Isolation of phylloplane
c. Isolation of actinomycetes from soil
d. Isolation of Rhizobium and Agrobacterium 
e. Vessicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM)
f. Isolation of sporocarp by sieve method

6. Air Microbiology

a.  Isolation of air microflora - exposure plate method, Rotorod sampler method

7. Water Microbiology Testing for quality of water (Coliform test), H2S strip method.

Semester II

BT P201-Molecular Biology

1. Introduction to Molecular Biology & genetics: Historical Background, Nature of genetic material, experimental proof for DNA as genetic material, different forms of DNA (A, B, & Z DNA), properties of DNA, DNA denaturation and renaturation, Central Dogma Principle. Special characteristic of DNA like satellite DNA, Tandom repeats etc.

2. DNA Replication: Mechanisms of prokaryotic DNA replication, Semi-Conservative model of replication mechanism of DNA replication - discontinuous synthesis of DNA, RNA primer for DNA synthesis, DNA polymerizes I, II, III and their role in ligases - mechanism of action & role in DNA replication; role of other proteins in DNA synthesis, fidelity of replication, nearest neighbour frequency analysis, Replication of Viral DNA - rolling circle model.

3. DNA Repair: Photo-reactivation, excision repair, post replication repair, SOS repair etc.

4. Transcription: RNA polymerase in prokaryotes- its molecular composition, role of each component of RNA polymerase, mechanism of transcription, Eukaryotic transcription and Eukaryotic RNA polymerases. Transcription factors and their role. Inhibitors of RNA synthesis.

5. Modification in RNA: 5 ' -CAP formation, 3 -end processing, polyadenylation, Splicing,Editing, Nuclear export of mRNA & mRNA stability. Processing of other RNAs, Ribosome formation.

6. Translation: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Translation, Mechanisms of initiation, elongation & termination, Amino acid activation, Inhibitors, Regulation of translation, Co-&posttranslational modification of proteins.

7. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes: Transcriptional control; enzyme induction and repression, constitutive synthesis of enzymes. The operon Hypothesis: genes involved in regulation - regulatory gene, promoter gene, operator gene, and structural gene, role of cAMP and cAMP receptor protein (CRP) in the expression of eg. Lac operon, Arg operon, Tryptophan operon, His operon. Catabolite repression. Brief account of Eukaryotic gene regulation.

8. Protein localization: Synthesis of secretory and membrane proteins, import into nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast and peroxisomes, receptor mediated endocytosis.

9. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes: Viral and cellular oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes from humans, structure, function and mechanism of action of P53 tumor suppressor proteins.

10. Antisense and robozyme technology. Molecular mechanism of antisense molecules, inhibition of splicing, polyadenylation and translation, Disruption of RNA structure and capping, Biochemistry of ribozyme, hammerhead, hairpin and other ribozymes, strategies for designing ribozymes, application of antisence and ribozyme technologies.

BT P202-Biochemistry

1. Bioenergetics: Principles of thermodynamics: free energy, important energy, rich molecules, Standard free energy change, concept of redox reactions

2. Enzymes: Chemistry and 3D organization of simple, conjgated enzymes and multiple enzymes, concept of regulatory sites and their characters, role of metal ion and coenzymes, Mechanism of enzymatic reaction of single and double substrates, one or two examples, regulation of enzyme activity.
3. Kinetics: Rate of reactions, specific activity, molecular activity, km, K/cat, Line weaver plot, enzyme inhibition, pre-pro enzymes.
4. Photosynthesis: Chemistry and structural components of photosystems, cyt b/cyt, F complex, ATP synthesis, characteristics of solar electromagnetic radiations, relationships between wave length, frequency, velocity and the energy, pigments involved in photosynthesis-chlorophylla, chlorophyll b, bacteriochlorophyll, bacteriorhodopsin, Absorption spectrum and active spectrum, mechanism of light reaction and carbon fixation, C3, C4 and CAM pathways, photorespiration and its impact, Bacterial photosynthesis.

5. Metabolism of carbohydrates, main sources of carbohydrates, enzymatic conversion and mobilization as glucoses or fructoses, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, terminal oxidation/ oxidative phosphorylation, mechanism of ATP synthesis, rate controlling steps and regulation.

6. Metabolism of Lipid and fat bodies: Beta-oxidation and channeling of the products to ATP production: oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids; oxidation, (alpha and omega oxidation) of odd chain fatty acids, paroxysmal Beta-oxidation, minor pathway of fatty acid oxidation, (alpha and omega oxidation)

7. Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Ketone bodies, membrane lipids-cholesterol, phospholipid and glycoilipid; biosynthesis of far soluble vitamins; biosynthesis of eicosonoids (prostaglandin, leucotriens and thromboxane)

8. Signal Transduction: Inter and intracellular signaling, Signal molecules-protein and non-protein signals, organs involved in the synthesis and release; Transport, target cells/tissues; Signal and receptors, distribution; interaction between signal and receptors; signal transduction elements and the file mechanism of ransduction; role of second messengers such as calcium, cAMP, cGMP, phosphatidyl Inositol phosphatase A general view of plant signals - photohormones, calcium, phosphotidyl inositol.

9. Biochemistry of Hormones: Steroid hormones-structure, Biosynthesis and importance in brief.

BT P203-Immunology

1. Immune System and Immunity

History of immunology; structures, composition and functions of cells and organs involved in immune system- T-Cells, B-Cells, macrophages, antigen-processing cells, Eosinophls, Neutrophils, Mast cells and killer T-Cells; microbial infections and immune responses - innate immunity, acquired immunity; clonal nature of immune response; immunohaematology - blood groups, blood transfusion and Rh incompatibilities.

2. Antigens and Antibodies. Antigens-Structure and properties - types - ISO and all antigens - haptens; adkivamts- antigen specificity. Immunoglobulins - structure heterogeneity - types and subtypes - properties (physo - chemical and biological); complement - structure, components, properties and functions of complement; complement pathways and biological consequences of complement activation. Generation of immunology diversity; effector mechanisms.

3. Antigen-antibody Reactions

In Vitro Methods-Agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation, immuno- fluorescence, immunoelectrophoresis, ELISA, Radio Immunoassays; In Vivo Methods: skin tests and immune complex tissue demonstrations. Applications of these methods in diagnosis of microbial infections.

4. Major Histocompatibility Complex and Temor Immunology

Structure and functions of MHC and the HL-A systems. Gene regulation and Ir-genes; HL-A and tissue transplantation - Tissue typing methods for organ and tissue transplantations in humans; graft versus host reaction and rejection; autoimmunity; Tumor immunology - tumor specific antigens, Immune response to tumors, immunodiagnosis of tumors - detection of tumor markers - alphafoetal proteins, carcinoembryonic antigen etc., Genetic Control of Immune response.

5. Hypersensitivity Reactions

Definition of allergy; Antibody-mediated Type I. Anaphylaxis, Type II. Antibody dependent cell cytptoxicity; Type - III. Immune complex mediated reactions; Type IV. Cell mediated hypersensitivity reactions. The respective symptoms, immunological methods of their diagnosis. Lymphokines and cytokines - their assay methods. Immunological tolerance.

6. Immunization

Vaccines (Conventional subunit vaccines; DNA vaccines) toxoids antisera; polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies; hybridoma technology to produce monoclonal antibodies; common immunizations: small poz DPT, poli, measles, hepatitis-B, vaccines from plants - banana, Watermelon etc. (Plantibodies).

BT P204-Computer Applications & Bioinformatics

1. Computer Basics, Operating Systems, Windows & Unix

2. Hardware, Software, DOS, Multimedia network concepts

3. C-Programming: Object Oriented Programming, Tabulation of data & graphical representation, flow charts.

4. Internet, LAN, WAN, Web servers, Web Access, security, HTML, HTTP & XML Concepts

5. Overview of bioinformatics - Database types, sequence databases - nuclotide and protein sequence databases, Primary and Secondary databases, Gene Bank, Structure databases - Protein Data Bank (PDB), visualization of structural information.

6. Genomics and Genome project, computer tools for sequence analysis, finding and retrieving sequences, similarity searching, pair wise and multiple alignments.

7. Structure function relationships

8. Sequencing and sequence assembling using Computers, phylogenetics

Practicals

BT P205-Biochemistry

1. Buffers
Preparation of buffers - a)Citrate b) Tris-HCI and c) Phosphate buffer

3. Extraction and estimation of pigments.
a) Chlorophyll a
b) Chlorophyll b

4. Colorometric assay of enzyme activity
a) Amylase
b) Invertase
c) Protease

5. Spectrophotometric assay of enzyme activity
a) Lactose dehydrogenase

BT P206-Molecular Biology & Immunology

Molecular Biuology

1. Study of conjugation in E.Coli
2. Study of transduction in E.Coli
3. Plasmid gene mapping in E.Coli
4. Tns-5 induced mutagenesis in E.Coli
5. Study of mutation in E.Coli
6. Isolation of plasmid DNA from different type of bacteria by adopting different methods, purification and calculation of molecular weight of plasmid DNA; plasmid curing (acridine orange, heat shock)
7. Isolation of Genomic DNA from bacteria.
8. Isolation of Genomic DNA from plant cells / animal cells
9. Transformation of CaCl2 and PEG method.
10. Selection of cloned micro-organism by blue/white colony
11. Restriction enzyme digesion of DNA and calculation of molecular weight of the digested DNA.
12. DNA amplification by PCR method.
13. Western and Southern blotting.

Immunology

1. Serum separation from whole blood.
2. Preparation of Immunoglobulins (igs) from serum by ammonium sulphate precipitation
3. Dialysis of ammonium sulphate precipitated immunoglobulins. Dialysis against phosphate buffered saline
4. Ouchierlony double diffusion
5. Electrophoresis of the immunoglobulin preparation
6. Separation of lymphocytes from blood.
7. Single radial immuno-diffusion and determination of Ig concentration
8. Blood group testing 
9. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis
10. Immunoprecipitation test.

III Semester

BT P301 – Animal Biotechnology

1.Animal reproduction system with reference to insects and mammals – organization, function. Hormonal regulation of growth and reproduction in insects and mammals. IVF – Embryo transfer technology in live-stock and man.

2.Animal cell cultures: Culture media – composition and preparation, Balanced salt solution and simple growth medium, chemical, physical and metabolic functions of different constituents of culture medium-Role of CO₂, serum and protein-free defined media and their applications; Culturing and maintenance of different animal cell lines (Primary and established cell lines). Characterization of cultured cell, measurement of viability, cyto-toxicity and growth parameters. Stem cell cultures, embryonic stem cell and their applications, cell culture based vaccines, measurement of cell death, apoptosis, scaling up animals cell cultures and production of recombinant gene products. Three-dimensional culture and tissue engineering.                                                                                      

3.Transgenic animals: Method of obtaining transgenic animals using fertilized eggs and embryonic blastocyst cell, example, importance of transgenic animals – increased productivity of domestic animals, improved desired characters of domestic animals, production of proteins for pharmaceutical use. Animal models for tackling human diseases (Gene knock out and mice models), Transgenic silkworms.

4.Animal cloning : Methods of cloning in animal system – Rat, Sheep, pig; importance of cloning.

5.Diagonostic: Application of immunological and molecular diagnostic method (RIA, ELISA, PCR, DNA fingerprinting) in forensic medicine and disease diagnostics.                            

6.Gene therapy and cell medicated therapy; Genetic diseases targeted for gene therapy, Use of genetically modified and humanized antibodies against cell surface antigens in cancer treatment and organ – transplantation, importance of humanized antibodies and plasminogen activating factor in treating thrombosis. Importance of Adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene in curing Severe combined immuno-deficiency (SCID).

BT P302 – Plant Biotechnology

1.Role of Hormones in growth and development of plants, tissues specific hormones, receptors.

2.Introduction to cell and tissue culture, Plant tissue culture media (composition, types and preparation), plant hormones and growth regulators in tissue culture, Preparation of suitable explants for organo genesis. Application of immunodiagnostics (RFLP, RAPD, PCR) in selection of elite plant species, Micropropagation on large scale, somatic embryogenesis, protoplast culture and somatic hybridization, Anther, pollen and ovary culture for production of haploid plants and homozygous lines, cell culture methods for the secondary metabolite metabolite production, somaclonal variation and its significance, Cryopreservation, Gene banks for germplasm conservation.

3.Plant transformation techniques – Mechanism of DNA transfer – Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer, general features of TI and RI plasmids and their use as vectors, role of virulence genes; design of expression vectors; use of 35S and other promoters, reporter genes; viral vectors; direct gene transfer methods particle bombardment, electroporation, microinjection-vector construct with reference to tobacco. Molecular marker aided breeding, RFLP maps, RAPD markers and SCAR (Sequence Characterized applied regions).

4.Improvement of plants; Increase in essential amino acids, storage proteins, improvement of oil content and oil quality, improvement of growth rate yield of wood in forest timber yielding plants; improvement of stress tolerance in plants (droght and salinity), use of anti-freeze gene for frost resistance.

5.Use of transgentic plants in the production of alkaloids, steroids, colouring agents, flavouring agents, biodegrated platics, polybydroxyalkanoates and polyhyroxybutyrate, industrial enzymes therapeutic proteins, antibodies (plantibodies), edible vaccines. Transgenic plants for carbohydrate modifications current status of transgenic plants in India and abroad.

6.Plant genomics: Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for plant genomics.   

BT P303 – Genetic Engineering

1.Genetic engineering – introduction, definition, scope and importance  

2.Molecular tools genetic engineering: Restirction endonucleases – type, nomenclature, recognition sequences, cleavage pattern; DNA ligases – properties and function of T4 DNA ligase and NAD-dependant DNA ligase of E, coli, ligation techniques, Vector-general characteristics of vectors, desirable characters such as size, ori site, selection/marker gene, restiction sites and unique multiple cloning sites for c DNA cloning, cloning and expression vectors – Plasmids – PBR 322 PUC Vectors, Ti plasmids – M 13 derived PUC vectors, Phage Vectors – Labda based vectors, M13 Cosmids, Phagemids, ARS, Mini-Chromosome, yeast artificial chromosomal vectors (YAC); Design of shuffle vectors of replication in bacteria and yeast cells, specific promoters for expression in yeast cells,Transcriptional terminators, selection of marker genes for bacteria and yeast cells; Vectors for plants; expression vectors-need for promoters such as Lac-Z, T7 and Tac, MCS; Vectors for animals- SV40, Bovin papilloma virus (BPV), Retrovirus, Isolation and purification of vector DNA, digestion and end modification. Introduction of recombinant vectors into suitable hosts, selection of recombinant clones, purification of recombinant DNA.

3.Cloning – cloning and selection of  individual gene libraries: preparation of CDNA libraries; isolation and purification of M RNA; importance of poly – A tailing in the preparation of CAN library; Genomic library-isolation and purification of total genomic DNA, partial digestion with suitable enzyme, size fractionation and end modification;

Transformation Technique:- Preparation of competent cells of bacteria, yeast, insect, mammalian and plant cells; Methods of DNA transfer, exogenously supplied chemical methods, calcium phosphate precipitation method, liposome method and electroporation, Agrobacteriu T-DNA mediated method, gene gun method; Determination of transformation / transfection efficiency.

Labda DNA based DNA recombinants; In vitro packaging of DNA using packaging extracts, infection of bacteria using packaged lambda viruses containing recombinant DNA.

4.Plating screening and selection:- preparation of nutrient with selection, marker antibiotics and additives for visual screening of recombinant clones; selection of clones, amplification and preservation.         

5.Labeling of DNA, RNA and Proteins:- Use of radioactive, Non-radio active labeling relative advantages and disadvantages, in-vivo labeling, Nick translation, random primer labeling autoradiography, autofluorography.

6.In-vitro translation:- purification of MRNAs and translating using cell free system from wheat germ extract or rabbit reticulocytes and characterization of protein products on gel electrophoresis. Blotting experiments-southern, northern, western and western/southern blotting methods, agarose gel, polyacrylamide gel and 2D gel electophoresis; DNA microarrays (DNA chips) to study gene expression etc.

BT P304 – Environmental Biotechnology

1.Basic concepts, Renewable and non-renewable resources, Environmental Pollution – Types

2.A brief account of water pollution, soil pollution, and air pollution – sources and measurement of pollution. Xenobiotic compounds and their sources, Biomagnificiant, Biomonitoring – Bioindicators.

3.Water as a scarce natural resource, Need for water management, Waste water characteristics, waste water treatment – physical, chemical and biological processes. Aerobic processes; Activated sludge, oxidation ditches, trickling filters, oxidation ponds; Anaerobic processes; Anaerobic effluents (dairy, distillery, tannery, textile, paper and sugar industries), reverse osmosis and ultra-filtration.                                                                                           

4.Application of Biotechnology for pollution prevention; Current status with respect to the use of Biofertilizers, Biopesticides, Bioleaching of ores to retrive scare metals.

5.Bioremodidation: Concept and principles, Bioremediation using microbes, In situ and ex-situ Bioremediation, Biosorption and Bioaccumulation of heavy metals; phytoremediation, Bioremediation of xenobiotics (Heavy metal, pesticides, oil slicks, plastic). Biomediation of soil and water contaminated with hydrocarbons and surfactants, Biofilms, Reduction of organochlorine compounds.                                                                                         

6.Solid wastes: Sources and management, wastes as a source of energy, Microorganism involved in the degradation of plant fiber, cell wall, ligin, fungal de-lignification and pulping of wood, Solving pitch problem in pulp and paper processes using enzymes or fungi, hemicellulases in pulp bleaching. Biotechnology for solving slime problem in the pulp and paper industry. Production of oil and fuels from wood waste. Composting, vermiculture, Biofuels; Biogas production, menthanol production from organic wastes, Byproducts of sugar industries.

7.Global environment problems; Global warming, ozone depletion, UV- B green house effect and acid rain, their impact and management.

Biodiversity and its conservation, status of Biodiversity, Role of Biotechnology in conservation of biodiversity, Influence of transgenic plants on the environment.    

PRACTICALS

BT P305 – ANIMAL AND PLANT BIOTECHNOLIGY

BT P306- ENVIRONMENT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

1. Detection of coliforms for determination of the purity of potable water.
2. Determination of total dissolved solids of water.
3. Determination of BOD & COD of sewage sample.
4. Isolation of bacteriophages from sewage.
5. Anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal waste.
6. Determination of the efficiency of removal of air pollutant using fibrous air filter.
7. Study of microflora of industrial wastes and effluents.
8. Survey of derogative plasmids in microbes growing in polluted environment.
9. Isolation of bacteria degrading xenobiotics by selective enrichment technics
10. Isolation and characterizations of irons and manganese reducing bacteria.
11. Study on biogenic methane production in different habitats.
12. Selective enrichment of auxotorphic and antibiotic mutants.
13. Isolation of nucleic acid from environmental samples.
14. Restriction enzyme digestion of DNA and calculation of molecular rate of the digested DNA.
15. DNA amplification by PCR method.
16. Preparation of competent cells in E.coli.
17. cloning and sub-cloning using plasmid and   E.coli expression vectors.
18. Transformation of through CACL2, PEG method.
19. Selection of cloned microorganisms by blue / white colony, X/Gal method
20. Western and Southern blotting .

IV Semester

BT P401 – Bioprocess Engineering and Technology.

1.Introduction to bioprocess engineering; screening and selection of industrial mircroorganisms; Strain improvement; Inoculum production for bacterial and fungal processes, Spore inoculum or vegetative mycelial inoculum for fungi.

2.Bioreactros: Basic function design and components, body construction; temperature control; Aeration, agitation systems, baffles; Sterilization of fermenter, air supply and medium, Aseptic inoculation and sampling methods, Specialized bioreactors, Tower bioreactors, fluidized bed reactor, packed bed bioreactors and photo bioreactors.

3.Fermentation media: Natural and synthetic media; Media formulation strategies, sources of carbon, nitrogen, vitamins and minerals. Role of buffers, precursors, inhibitors, inducers and antifoam agents, Solid state fermentation.

4.Down stream processing: Objectives and citeria, cell disruption, prcipitation methods, filtration, centrifugation, liquid-liquid extraction, membrane filtration, chromatography, dying devices, crystallization, packaging and quality assurance.

5.Immobilization-Definition and concept of immobilization, Enzyme and whole cell immobilization, Immobilization techniques-Adsorption, cross-linking, ionic bonding, entrapment, encapsulation, types of reactors for immobilization. Advantage and industrial applications.

6.Industrial production of Agar-Agar, alcohols, organic acids (citric, acetic and gluconic acid) solvents (glycerol, acetone, butano), amino acids (Lysine, glutamic, acid), antibiotics (Penicillin, Streptomycin, Tetracycline), SCP, Vitamins (Riboflavin), Enzymes, Hydrocarbons – Biodegradable plastic- Polyhydroxyalkonoates (butyrate, Propionate etc.)

BT P402-Agricultural Biotechnology.

1.Application of plant transformation technology ( transgenic plants) for improvement of productivity and performance. Disease resistance: Genes and gene constructs used for viral resistance by coat protein mediated protection and RNA mediated protection, bacterial resistance by lysozyme gene, fungal resistance by chitinase and 1,3 betaglucanase genes. Herbicide resistance in commercially important plants. Insect resistance through Bt genes ( cry genes) and protease inhibitor genes, Bt crops. Current status in the world. Other biopesticides and their importance. Integrated Pest Management. Terminator gene technology. Male sterile plants, methods of inducing male sterility, its importance in breeding, Barstar and Barnase system.

2.Crop improvement to resist adverse soil conditions. Salinity tolerance in rice and other plants drought resistance plants.

3.Post harvest protection: Antisense RNA technology (ACC synthase gene and polygalacturonase ) Delay softening and ripening of the fleshy fruits by antisense RNA for ACC synthase gene in tomato, banana, watermelons etc. Use of antisense RNA technology for extending shelf life of fruits and flowers. Protection of cereals, millets and pulses following harvest using biotechnology. Biotechnology for fortification of agricultural products- golden rice, transgenic sweet potatoes.

4. Importance of Biofertilizers in agriculture ( Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Mycorrhiza, Actinorhiza) advantages and current status, vermiculture, composting, current practices and production of biofertilizers.

5.Control of pests: Importance of JH and JH analogues in insect pest control. Insect pheromones and their applications. Biological control of insect pests and weeds using natural enemies, mass multiplication of predators and parasites. Biological control of plant pathogens using antagonistic fungi and antagonistic bacteria.

6.Application of biotechnology in poultry, aquaculture, sericulture and animal husbandary: improvement of poultry resistance, recombinant vaccines for poultry ; growth hormones for increasing biomass, fish breeding techniques ; silkworm as a bioreactor for the production of commercially important proteins; improvement of live stock, “Pharming” products- ( Pharmaceuticals through milk or genetically engineered cows).           

BT P403-Immunotechnology

1.Hybridoma Technology and monoclonal antibodies: Production of murine (Mouse) monoclonal antibodies, myeloma cell lines and fusion of myeloma cells with antibody producing B- cells. Fusion,selection and screening for positive hybrids; Purification and characterization of monoclonal antibodies; Application of monoclonals in biomedical research, in clinical diagnosis and treatment; Production of human monoclonal antibodies and their applications.

2.T Cell cloning: mechanism of antigen recognition by T and B lymphocytes; Structure, function and synthesis of lymphokines; importance of antigen and MHC class II molecules in T cell cloning; Antigen specific alloreactive T cell cloning, use of T cell cloning in understanding the immunologically relevant antigens and T cell subtypes; Application of T cell cloning in vaccine development.

3.Cytokines (Lymphokines) : Production of interleukines and their application in infectious and non infectious diseases ; Interferons – production, functions and applications.

4.Immunodeficency diseases: Phagocytic deficiencies, Humoral deficiencies, cell mediated deficiencies, severe combined immunodeficiency diseases (ADA deficiencies, PNP deficiencies).

5.Immunity to infections: Immunity to bacteria (Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Typhoid, Syphilis), parasites (Malaria, Filariasis, Amoebiasis, Ascariasis) and Viruses (Hepatitis, AIDS and Herpes).

6.Auto-immune diseases: Hashimotos disease, Good Pasture syndrome, Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, Myasthenia gravis, Systemic lupus erythematosis, Multiple Sclerosis, Rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment of autoimmune diseases.

7.Transplantation immunity: Immunosuppressive therapy; Types of transplant organs, tissue and bone marrow, Xenotransplantation.

8.Tumor Immunology: Theory of Immune surveillance, immune diagnosis of tumor, detection of tumor markers- alphafoetal proteins, carcinoembryonic antigen cells., Immunotherapy.

BT P404-Bioethics and Biosafety

1.An overview of the legal and socioeconomic impacts of biotechnology, biosafety regulations- National and international levels, guidelines for research in transgenic organisms, environmental aspects of biotech applications, use of genitically modified organisms and their release in environment, levels of containment. Public education of the processes of producing transgenic organisms.

Hazardous materials used in biotechnology, handling and disposal, good manufacturing practices (GMP) and Good Lab Practices (GLP).

2.Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), IPRs and agricultural technology- implications for India, WTO, WIPO, GATT, TRIPS. Patenting and procedures involved in the application for the patents and granting of a patent, compulsory licenses, patent search, patent cooperation treaty (PCT), examples of patents in biotechnology, special applications of the patent laws in biotechnology, patenting of living organisms, Plant breeder's rights, legal implications, traditional knowledge commercial exploitation, protection, Bioethics in biodiversity, ethics of resource management, impact of patenting on biodiversity rich developing countries. Ethical issues associated with the consumption of GM food, labeling of GM crops and GM food.

3.Human Genome Project, Molecular detection of pre-symptomatic genetic diseases, importance in health care, pre natal diagnosis and genetic manipulation, ethical implications, Human genome project and human genome project and human rights. International ethical and legal issues connected with human genome diversity research, foetal sex determination- implications in India. Genetic studies on ethnic races.

4.Stem Cell Research, applications of stem cells, ethical issues involved. Use of the cell cultures as alternatives for animal model research. Testing of drugs on human volunteers; use of animals for research and testing ; animal cloning, human cloning.

5.Organ Transplantation- organ transplantation in humans, ethical and social issues involved in Xenotransplantation.

PRACTICALS

BT P405 – Bioprosess Engineering

BT P406- Agricultural Biotechnology.